Generated by All in One SEO v5.0.0.1, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Maths from the Past ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://maths-from-the-past.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Blog](https://maths-from-the-past.org/blog/) - [Did World War I make North Sea fish bigger?](https://maths-from-the-past.org/2026/05/13/did-world-war-i-make-north-sea-fish-bigger/) - Surprisingly, perhaps, the short answer is yes. In her 1919 paper, Kirstine Smith shows that the number of large plaice increased markedly during the war years. This was not because individual fish suddenly grew faster, but because large fish became more common in the population, following a sharp reduction in fishing activity due to the - [Oversimplified Models: Fishery Collapses and MSY](https://maths-from-the-past.org/2025/05/12/oversimplified-models-fishery-collapses-and-msy/) - What is MSY? MSY can be defined as the maximum catch that you can continuously take from a population usually used by fisheries to manage fish populations sustainably. The Maximum Sustainable Yield can be calculated by deriving the slope of the logistic curve, setting it equal to zero and rearranging for N. Credits: University, Purdue. - [Decolonising Mathematics: Indigenous Algorithms from Indonesian Fisheries](https://maths-from-the-past.org/2025/05/11/decolonising-mathematics-indigenous-algorithms-from-indonesian-fisheries/) - When we think of mathematics, we often imagine textbooks, blackboards, and equations rooted in European traditions. But what if the most sophisticated algorithms weren’t written in Latin or Greek, but woven into bamboo traps and net patterns passed down by generations of Indonesian fishers? This article explores how traditional Indonesian fishing communities have used intricate - [The Maths of Colonialism: Pearls in "The Pearl of the Indian Ocean"](https://maths-from-the-past.org/2025/05/05/the-maths-of-colonialism-pearls-in-the-pearl-of-the-indian-ocean/) - Coined ‘The Pearl of the Indian Ocean’ it is no surprise that the legacy of Pearl fisheries in Sri Lanka is one closely tied to the identity of the island: spanning as far back as 300 BCE, this industry tells a story of the hegemony and changes within Sri Lanka. This article aims to investigate ## Pages - [Home](https://maths-from-the-past.org/) - Welcome to the Mathematical Past Scroll Down to Begin your Journey Image credit: Akshitha Vemuru via ChatGPT. Themes Morbid Maths Learn More Image credit: Charlotte McCarthy via Microsoft Bing Image Creator. Maths and Literature Learn More Image credit: Charlotte McCarthy via Microsoft Bing Image Creator. Cultural Maths Learn More Image credit: Charlotte McCarthy via Microsoft - [St Andrews’ importance in mathematical ecology](https://maths-from-the-past.org/st-andrews-importance-in-mathematical-ecology/) - St Andrews’ Importance in Mathematical Ecology Ecology is a very important field in the current day. With an increasing need to protect our biodiversity and climate, it has never been more vital. But the town of St Andrews actually has a long history in the field, and is the home of many mathematical developments in - [Dancefloor Equations: Fourier's Mathematical Echo in Electronic Music](https://maths-from-the-past.org/dancefloor-equations-fouriers-mathematical-echo-in-electronic-music/) - Dancefloor Equations: Fourier's Mathematical Echo in Electronic Music When you ask someone about their daily interactions with mathematics, many might mention everyday tasks like calculating grocery bills or managing monthly payments. However, stepping away from these basics for a moment, consider music—a medium most of us engage with daily. Yet, how often do we evaluate - [Blaise Pascal and the World's First Calculator](https://maths-from-the-past.org/blaise-pascal-and-the-worlds-first-calculator/) - Blaise Pascal and the World's First Mechanical Calculator Blaise Pascal was one of the world’s most renowned philosophers, inventors, mathematicians, physicists, and all-round smart guys. He lived in 17th century France, born in 1623 and dying at the age of 39, achieving much in his many career paths. He was a child prodigy, observing his - [Snowflakes and the Art of Mathematical Repetition ](https://maths-from-the-past.org/snowflakes-and-the-art-of-mathematical-repetition/) - Snowflakes and the Art of Mathematical Repetition Snowflakes, random and delicate, carry within them one of nature's most enchanting secrets: they are fractals, the geometry of the wild. 'Fractal' might sound like a term reserved for mathematicians, but it's really a simple concept that is as natural as the branches of trees. The Wonder of - [Kenneth Arrow’s ‘Impossibility Theorem’ in Social Choice Theory](https://maths-from-the-past.org/kenneth-arrows-impossibility-theorem-in-social-choice-theory/) - Kenneth Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem in Social Choice Theory Kenneth Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem is an important work in the field of Social Choice Theory. Are his insights into the fairness of various systems of voting valuable in the real world? If not, how can we apply alternate insights from Social Choice theory to determine a mathematically - [Beating Blackjack](https://maths-from-the-past.org/beating-blackjack/) - Video credit: wikiHow via Youtube. History of Blackjack Unfortunately, there is no one accepted theory which explains where and how blackjack originated. The consensus is, however, that it is at least a couple of hundred years old and stems from an initial game called ‘twenty-one’ which is referred to in various languages throughout history. This - [Sustainable Design: Islamic Geometric Patterns](https://maths-from-the-past.org/sustainable-design-islamic-geometric-patterns/) - Sustainable Design: Islamic Geometric Patterns Did you know that geometric patterns are a defining characteristic of Islamic art and architecture, gracing mosques, palaces, decorative arts, and even furniture ? Islamic design is all about the abstract and the beauty of geometry, but it is not just about pretty patterns. Islamic geometric patterns make a beautiful - [The Mathematician Who Ended a War: Alan Turing's Enigma Breakthrough](https://maths-from-the-past.org/the-mathematician-who-ended-a-war-alan-turings-enigma-breakthrough/) - The Mathematician Who Ended a War: Alan Turing's Enigma Breakthrough World War II was characterized not only by physical conflicts on the battlegrounds, but also by a psychological war of wits. While the former saw technical developments in the form of battle tools and weapons, the latter saw similar progress in the spheres of information - [Legacy of a Theorist: John Mackintosh Howie's Enduring Influence at St Andrews](https://maths-from-the-past.org/legacy-of-a-theorist-john-mackintosh-howies-enduring-influence-at-st-andrews/) - Legacy of a Theorist: John Mackintosh Howie's Enduring Influence at St Andrews At the historic University of St. Andrews, John Mackintosh Howie's appointment as the Regius Professor of Mathematics in 1970 introduced an era of remarkable scholarly progress. His academic achievements, combined with substantial contributions to Scottish education, compose his ever-lasting legacy. Semigroup Theory Semigroup theory, - [Nicolas Vilant and Teaching at St Andrews in the late 1700's](https://maths-from-the-past.org/nicolas-vilant-and-teaching-at-st-andrews-in-the-late-1700s/) - Nicolas Vilant and Teaching at St Andrews in the late 1700's Nicolas Vilant served as Regius Professor of Mathematics at the University of St Andrews from 1765 to his death in 1807. Because of health problems, Vilant wasn’t able to teach and lecture for most of his tenure, so he relied on a number of - [John Napier: The Revolutionary Mind Behind Logarithms](https://maths-from-the-past.org/john-napier-the-revolutionary-mind-behind-logarithms/) - John Napier: The Revolutionary Mind Behind Logarithms John Napier went to the University of St. Andrews at 13 but did not graduate. Instead, he traveled in Europe, returned to Scotland, managed his father's land, got married twice, and explored different things like religion, farming, and astronomy. His big achievement was creating logarithms, which he started - [Ptolemy’s geocentric model](https://maths-from-the-past.org/ptolemys-geocentric-model/) - Ptolemy’s geocentric model It is not rare that people make mistakes in maths; the frustration caused by those mistakes sometimes torments people a lot. Here is one fact that might relieve the frustration: even the smartest and best mathematicians make huge mistakes, and that does not damage their fame. In fact, Ptolemy, a Greek mathematician - [Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata](https://maths-from-the-past.org/aryabhatiya-of-aryabhata/) - Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata Aryabhatiya: Maths in poetry Aryabhatiya is a Sanskrit poem composed of 118 concise verses. Each verse states a mathematical or astronomical fact or algorithm, however, due to its succinct nature no proofs are shown. Additionally, puns are used to aid memorisation. That is the consequence of the privileged position of orality in - [Maths Symbols](https://maths-from-the-past.org/maths-symbols/) - AuthorAndrew Maughan - [Roman Numerals](https://maths-from-the-past.org/roman-numerals/) - Roman Numerals The Roman empire was one of the most influential civilisations in world history, and one of its most enduring legacies is its numerals. From the Super Bowl to monarchs, from years to chords, from your own name to the face of a clock, they are visible in every part of society as an - [Yupanas](https://maths-from-the-past.org/yupanas/) - AuthorGustavo Velasco Melgar - [The Hebrew Calendar](https://maths-from-the-past.org/the-hebrew-calendar-2/) - The Hebrew Calendar When people think of mathematics, they often think about someone in a cramped and stuffy office, locked away from the world. This is not always the case. For most of history, mathematics has been strongly influenced by the society and culture surrounding the mathematician. A notable example of this can be seen - [The Fibonacci Sequence](https://maths-from-the-past.org/the-fibonacci-sequence/) - The Fibonacci Sequence 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21 is a sequence you might recognise. Whether you learned about it in school, while reading the Da Vinci code, or in the TV series The Good Place; this very peculiar sequence has a hidden history. Where did it come from? Who discovered it? Why is it called the Fibonacci sequence? What - [Euclid's Elements](https://maths-from-the-past.org/euclids-elements/) - Euclid's Elements Euclid of Alexandria was likely a Greek mathematician who was born in approximately 325 Before Christ (BC), however, as very little is known about him, we cannot be certain of many aspects of his life. Despite this, much of his work has had an impact centuries later, including the Elements. This work has - [Wasan](https://maths-from-the-past.org/wasan/) - Wasan In the early 17th century in Japan, the Tokugawa shogunate took power and ushered in an era of peace and isolation known as the Edo period (1603-1868), Edo being the old name of Tokyo. This strict isolation from the rest of the world led to many divergences between Japan and the rest of the - [Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions](https://maths-from-the-past.org/flatland-a-romance-of-many-dimensions/) - AuthorIsabel Kestler Bibliography Abbott, Edwin Abbott (aka A Square), Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions (London, 1884). Banchoff, Thomas F., ‘From Flatland to Hypergraphics: Interacting with Higher Dimensions’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 15:4 (1990), 364-72. Funk, Wolfgang, ‘The Mathematics of Evolution: Dreaming about Four Dimensions with Edwin A. Abbott and May Kendall’, Critical Survey, Special Issue: - [The Number Devil](https://maths-from-the-past.org/the-number-devil/) - The Number Devil The Number Devil: A Mathematical Adventure is a fictional book for children and young adults, published in 1997. It was written by German author Hans Magnus Enzensberger, illustrated by Rotraut Susanne Berger, and translated into English by Michael Henry Heim. The book explores concepts in mathematics, embedded within a story about a - [Pi, Piem and Piphilology](https://maths-from-the-past.org/pi-piem-and-piphilology-2/) - Pi, Piem and Piphilology Be aware, there are audio recordings of our project team members reading out the poems in this article! As mentioned in the Story of Pi and Zu Chongzhi article , for over 4000 years, mathematicians around the world have sought to extend our understanding of 𝜋 by calculating its value to a - [Alice and Algebra](https://maths-from-the-past.org/alice-and-algebra/) - AuthorJulie Hatfield Updated By Siobhan Williams Bibliography Bayley, M. (2016) Alice’s Adventures in Algebra: Wonderland solved, New Scientist. New Scientist. Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427391-600-alices-adventures-in-algebra-wonderland-solved/ [Accessed: March 8, 2023]. Carroll, L. and Tenniel, J. (2010) Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, 1865; and through the looking-glass and what Alice Found There, 1871. Vancouver, BC: Engage Books. Lyden, J. (2010) - [Fairy Tales and Pythagoras](https://maths-from-the-past.org/fairy-tales-and-pythagoras-2/) - Fairy Tales and Pythagoras Hans Christian Andersen is best known for his world-famous fairy tales, including The Princess and the Pea, The Ugly Duckling, The Little Mermaid, and The Emperor’s New Clothes. However, what most people don’t know about the Danish author is that he once wrote a poem about the Pythagorean Theorem. This poem - [Maths and Literature](https://maths-from-the-past.org/maths-and-literature/) - Maths and Literature Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions Did you know that maths was used to roast Victorian society? Learn More The Number Devil Did you know that there is a Number Devil? Learn More Pi, Piem and Piphilology Did you know that people wrote poems and songs to help remember the digits of - [Girolamo Cardano, Living Fully, and Predicting Death](https://maths-from-the-past.org/girolamo-cardano-living-fully-and-predicting-death/) - Girolamo Cardano, Living Fully, and Predicting Death Girolamo Cardano was not only one of the most notable mathematicians of the Renaissance era, he also had many varied interests including astrology. Cardano’s Maths Girolamo Cardano wrote many books on maths, notably The Practice of Arithmetic and Simple Mensuration, Liber de Ludo Alea, and the Artis magnae - [Morbid Maths](https://maths-from-the-past.org/morbid-maths/) - Morbid Maths Girolamo Cardano, Living Fully, and Predicting Death Did you know that Girolamo Cardano (sometimes known as Jerome Cardan) predicted the date of his own death... by killing himself? Learn More The Unabomber: A Dark Tale in the History of Mathematics Did you know that gifted American mathematician Ted Kacynski led a double life - [The Unabomber: A Dark Tale in the History of Mathematics ](https://maths-from-the-past.org/the-unabomber-a-dark-tale-in-the-history-of-mathematics/) - The Unabomber: A Dark Tale in the History of Mathematics Ted Kaczynski was a man of contradictions. Despite his impressive educational background, including a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Kaczynski chose to live a solitary life in a remote cabin in Montana. However, this peaceful existence was shattered when Kaczynski became the - [Hippasus and Irrational Numbers](https://maths-from-the-past.org/hippasus-and-irrational-numbers/) - Hippasus and Irrational Numbers Greek mathematician Hippasus is believed to have died because of the discovery of irrational numbers, those numbers could not be expressed as the ratio of 2 integers, for example, √2 , while in China, such numbers are called “面”, which can be translated to “noodle”. However, there are still lots of - [Margaret Murray: Mathematician and Mountaineer](https://maths-from-the-past.org/margaret-murray-mathematician-and-mountaineer/) - Margaret Murray: Mathematician and Mountaineer Margaret Murray was the University of St Andrews’ first female graduate in mathematics and natural philosophy. She was also a talented teacher and an intrepid mountaineer. Her achievements were an inspiration to hundreds of young girls and show her for the exceptional individual that she was. Early Life Margaret Murray - [Jane Wadsworth and the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles](https://maths-from-the-past.org/jane-wadsworth-and-the-national-survey-of-sexual-attitudes-and-lifestyles/) - Jane Wadsworth and the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles Jane Helen Wadsworth (née Arnott) is a relatively unknown, yet important, figure in the fight against Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United Kingdom (UK). Her work on the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSAL), conducted between 1990 and 1991, aided understanding - [Women in Maths](https://maths-from-the-past.org/women-in-maths/) - Women in Maths Lady Literate in Mathematics Did you know that the University of St Andrews created one of the world’s first higher educational qualifications for women, allowing them to study university-level mathematics long before they were admitted onto degree courses in Scotland? Learn More Margaret Murray: Mathematician and Mountaineer Did you know that the - [Florence Nightingale and the Polar Area Diagram](https://maths-from-the-past.org/florence-nightingale-and-the-polar-area-diagram/) - Florence Nightingale and the Polar Area Diagram Throughout history, women have faced many challenges and barriers, yet they have made substantial progress in the study of mathematics. Even so, their successes have frequently been overshadowed by those of their male colleagues. The desire to highlight the significant contributions made by women to mathematics has grown - [About Us](https://maths-from-the-past.org/about-us/) - About Us Maths from the Past is a public history project that aims to showcase the development of mathematics throughout time. The project started in January 2023 and is run by a rotating group of students and staff at the University of St Andrews taking part in the History, Mathematics, and the Public Vertically Integrated - [Maths Epic Fails](https://maths-from-the-past.org/maths-epic-fails/) - Maths Epic Fails Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model Ptolemy, a mathematician famous for his wrong model. Learn More Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata Even the wise are not free from error: Aryabhata, a 5th- 6th-century Indian mathematician, made a silly mistake in his book Aryabhatiya; he defined the square incorrectly. Learn More - [Cultural Maths](https://maths-from-the-past.org/cultural-maths/) - Cultural Maths Maths Symbols Did you know that in Egyptian hieroglyphics, symbols resembling a pair of legs were used to represent either addition or subtraction? Learn More Roman Numerals You have been writing Roman numerals wrong! The Romans wrote 4 as IIII instead of IV, and 9 as VIIII instead of IX. They also wrote - [Maths in Everyday Life](https://maths-from-the-past.org/maths-in-everyday-life/) - Maths in Everyday Life The Mathematician Who Ended a War: Alan Turing's Enigma Breakthrough Did you know that a man used cryptographic mathematics to help end Second World War (WWII)? Learn More Sustainable Design: Islamic Geometric Patterns Did you know that geometric patterns are a defining characteristic of Islamic art and architecture, gracing mosques, palaces, - [St Andrews Maths](https://maths-from-the-past.org/mathematical-st-andrews/) - St Andrews Maths Jane Wadsworth and the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles Did you know that St Andrews mathematics graduate Jane Wadsworth was an important figure in the near eradication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the United Kingdom (UK)? Learn More Lady Literate in Mathematics Did you know that the University of - [Themes](https://maths-from-the-past.org/themes-2/) - Morbid Maths Maths and morbidity may at first seem unrelated. However, they share some surprising connections. Explore how maths has been used to predict one's own death, how it is used in burial ceremonies and its connection to mathematical murderers. Did you know there was a mathematician that murdered his family? Learn more André Bloch. - [Videos](https://maths-from-the-past.org/videos/) - [Lady Literate in Mathematics](https://maths-from-the-past.org/lady-literate-in-mathematics/) - Lady Literate in Mathematics Throughout history, women have been prevented from accessing higher education, and when access has been granted, they have faced prejudice and impediments. The history of higher education in Scotland is no different. However, an ambitious distance learning scheme administered by the University of St Andrews during the late nineteenth and early - [The Story of Pi and Zu Chongzhi](https://maths-from-the-past.org/the-story-of-pi-and-zu-chongzhi/) - The Story of 𝜋 and Zu Chongzhi Overview The number 𝜋, one of the most well-known mathematical constants, is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be represented as a ratio of two integers, and it has infinitely many decimals. It is for this - [Maths and Literature Quiz](https://maths-from-the-past.org/maths-and-literature-quiz/) - Maths and Literature Quiz - [Morbid Maths Quiz](https://maths-from-the-past.org/morbid-maths-quiz/) - Morbid Maths Quiz - [puzzle](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle/) - Introduction This is a puzzle to test your knowledge about history of maths, all the answers could be found in our article. Rules: Enter the answer on the URL column in your web browser after "puzzle-" , e.g., https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-YourAnswer/ Please leave no whitespace or any special characters between words in your answer, e.g., to type - [puzzle/zuchongzhi](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-zuchongzhi/) - Q6 Which book about maths is believed to have the second highest number of editions ever? See article - [puzzle/theeternalmagicoftheshape](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-theeternalmagicoftheshape/) - Q10 Which mathematician firstly stated the orbits of planets are elliptical? See article - [puzzle/Q1](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-q1/) - Q1 Who is the first female mathematician (as far as we know)? See article - [puzzle/iiii](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-iiii/) - Q3 Who invented the Polar Area Diagram? See article - [puzzle/hypatia](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-hypatia/) - Q2 How ancient Romans wrote 4 in Roman numerals See article - [puzzle/florencenightingale](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-florencenightingale/) - Q4 Which treatise is widely considered as the summit of ancient astronomy? Hint: use the Arabic name. See article - [puzzle/aaronbenmeir](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-aaronbenmeir/) - Q9 Hans Christian Anderson wrote a poem containing a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem, what is the name of that poem (in English)? See article - [puzzle/almagest](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-almagest/) - Q5 Which mathematician calculated pi correct up to 7 decimal places using only wooden sticks? See article - [puzzle/elements](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-elements/) - Q7 Who firstly discovered the Fibonacci sequence (as far as we know)? See article - [puzzle/aryabhata](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-aryabhata/) - Congratulations!!! You solved all the puzzles at Maths from the Past!Well Done!!! - [puzzle/acharyapingala](https://maths-from-the-past.org/puzzle-acharyapingala/) - Q8 Which mathematician invented time zones 800 years before railroads made them necessary? See article - [Symbolic Algebra](https://maths-from-the-past.org/symbolic-algebra/) - Symbolic Algebra If you search Symbolic Algebra in major search engines, you’ll likely find a lot of articles about computer science — but that’s not what we mean here at Maths from the Past! Instead, we are talking about the symbolic algebra described by 19th Century Mathematician Agustus De Morgan. What was Math Before Symbolic - [Maths Bases](https://maths-from-the-past.org/maths-bases/) - Bases Learn more about different Bases! Did you know you could count in completely different ways? Clocks, for example, are a type of number system where we count in terms of 12s and 60s! What are different bases? A base (sometimes called a radix) is a set of digits (and sometimes letters) that represent numbers. - [Quaternions](https://maths-from-the-past.org/quaternions/) - Quaternions What are the Quaternions? The Quaternions are a number system invented (discovered?) by William Rowan Hamilton which represent the dynamics of 3D space. They are generally written in the form a + bi + cj + dk, and where a, b, c, and d are real numbers and i, j, and k are basis - [Takedown Policy](https://maths-from-the-past.org/takedown-policy/) - Takedown Policy We at Maths from the Past make every effort to comply with copyright and licencing restrictions for images featured on our website. We also endeavour to ensure that all content featured on the website is neither offensive nor defamatory and does not contain personal information about individuals who are still alive and who - [Video Tag](https://maths-from-the-past.org/video-tag/) - [User Videos](https://maths-from-the-past.org/user-videos/) - [Video Category](https://maths-from-the-past.org/video-category/) - [Search Videos](https://maths-from-the-past.org/search-videos/) - [Player Embed](https://maths-from-the-past.org/player-embed/) - [The Strange Life of Girolamo Cardano](https://maths-from-the-past.org/the-strange-life-of-girolamo-cardano/) - The Strange Life of Girolamo Cardano Cardano was born 24 September 1501 in Pavia, Italy, the bastard son of a friend of Da Vinci’s. Because of the plague, he was taken from Pavia to Milan in 1505. At nineteen, he returned to Pavia to study medicine. By the age of twenty-one, he was teaching Euclid, - [Liu Hui's 𝜋 algorithm vs Archimedes' 𝜋 algorithm](https://maths-from-the-past.org/liu-huis-𝜋-algorithm-vs-archimedes-𝜋-algorithm/) - Liu Hui vs Archimedes: 𝜋 algorithm Liu Hui’s 𝜋 algorithm essentially uses the area of a polygon inscribed in a circle to approximate the area of the circle. The more sides are added to the polygon, the more accurate the approximation evolves. It is remarkable that, although Liu Hui should have developed his algorithm entirely independently - [Zu Chongzhi](https://maths-from-the-past.org/zu-chongzhi/) - Zu Chongzhi Zu Chongzhi (祖冲之, 429—500 AD) was a renowned Chinese mathematician, astronomer and engineer who lived in the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of China. He was born into a family of extreme talents, with successive generations being respected court-officials and astronomers with interests in calendar calculation. Zu was taught a lot of skills ## Videos - [Flatland Video](https://maths-from-the-past.org/video/flatland-video/) - [Yupanas Video](https://maths-from-the-past.org/video/yupanas-video/) - [Alice in Wonderland Video](https://maths-from-the-past.org/video/alice-in-wonderland-video/) ## Quizzes & Surveys - [St Andrews Importance in Mathematical Ecology Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/st-andrews-ecology-emoji-feedback/) - [St Andrews Importance in Mathematical Ecology Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/st-andrews-ecology-short-answers-feedback/) - [Legacy of a Theorist: John Mackintosh Howie’s Enduring Influence at St Andrews Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/legacy-of-a-theorist-john-mackintosh-howies-enduring-influence-at-st-andrews-short-answers-feedback/) - [Legacy of a Theorist: John Mackintosh Howie’s Enduring Influence at St Andrews Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/legacy-of-a-theorist-john-mackintosh-howies-enduring-influence-at-st-andrews-emoji-feedback/) - [Mastering the Maths: The Secret to Beating Blackjack Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/beating-blackjack-emoji-feedback/) - [Mastering the Maths: The Secret to Beating Blackjack Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/beating-blackjack-short-answers-feedback/) - [Dancefloor Equations: Fourier's Mathematical Echo in Electronic Music Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/dancefloor-equations-fouriers-mathematical-echo-in-electronic-music-short-answers-feedback/) - [Dancefloor Equations: Fourier's Mathematical Echo in Electronic Music Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/dancefloor-equations-fouriers-mathematical-echo-in-electronic-music-emoji-feedback/) - [Blaise Pascal and the World's First Mechanical Calculator Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/blaise-pascal-and-the-worlds-first-mechanical-calculator-short-answers-feedback/) - [Blaise Pascal and the World's First Mechanical Calculator Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/blaise-pascal-and-the-worlds-first-mechanical-calculator-emoji-feedback/) - [Nicolas Vilant and Teaching at St Andrews in the 1700's Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/nicolas-vilant-and-teaching-at-st-andrews-in-the-1700s-short-answers-feedback/) - [Nicolas Vilant and Teaching at St Andrews in the 1700's Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/nicolas-vilant-and-teaching-at-st-andrews-in-the-1700s-emoji-feedback/) - [John Napier Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/john-napier-short-answers-feedback/) - [John Napier Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/john-napier-emoji-feedback/) - [Sustainable design Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/sustainable-design-answers-feedback/) - [Sustainable Design Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/sustainable-design-emoji-feedback/) - [The Mathematician Who Ended a War: Alan Turing’s Enigma Breakthrough Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-mathematician-who-ended-a-war-alan-turings-enigma-breakthrough-answers-feedback/) - [The Mathematician Who Ended a War: Alan Turing’s Enigma Breakthrough Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-mathematician-who-ended-a-war-alan-turings-enigma-breakthrough-emoji-feedback/) - [Kenneth Arrow's Impossibility Theorem in Social Choice Theory Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/kenneth-arrows-impossibility-theorem-in-social-choice-theory-emoji-feedback/) - [Kenneth Arrow's Impossibility Theorem in Social Choice Theory Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/kenneth-arrows-impossibility-theorem-in-social-choice-theory-short-answers-feedback/) - [Hippasus Quiz](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/hippasus/) - [Hippasus-emoji](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/hippasus-emoji/) - [The Story of Pi and Zu Chongzhi Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-story-of-pi-feedback/) - [Jane Wadsworth and the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/jane-wadsworth-and-the-national-survey-of-sexual-attitudes-and-lifestyles-emoji-feedback/) - [Jane Wadsworth and the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviours Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/jane-wadsworth-and-the-national-survey-of-sexual-attitudes-and-behaviours-emoji-feedback/) - [Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/aryabhatiya-of-aryabhata-short-answer/) - [Snowflakes and the Art of Mathematical Repetition Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/snowflakes-and-the-art-of-mathematical-repetition-short-answers-feedback/) - [Snowflakes and the Art of Mathematical Repetition Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/snowflakes-and-the-art-of-mathematical-repetition-emoji-feedback/) - [Homepage Article Suggestion](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/home-page-fun-fact-suggestion/) - [Wasan Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/wasan-feedback/) - [Wasan Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/wasan-short-answers/) - [Euclid’s Elements Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/euclids-elements-short-answers/) - [Euclid's Elements Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/euclids-elements/) - [The Fibonacci Sequence Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-fibonacci-sequence-feedback/) - [The Fibonacci Sequence Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/fibonacci-sequence-short-feedback/) - [The Hebrew Calendar Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/hebrew-calendar-short-answers/) - [The Hebrew Calendar Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-hebrew-calendar-feedback/) - [The Story of Pi and Zu Chongzhi Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/zu-chongzhi-short-feedback/) - [Yupanas Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/yupanas-feedback/) - [Yupanas Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/yupanas-short-answers/) - [Roman Numerals Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/roman-numerals-feedback/) - [Roman Numerals Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/roman-numerals-short-answers/) - [Maths Symbols Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/maths-symbols-feedback/) - [Maths Symbols Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/maths-symbols-short-answers/) - [Fairy Tales and Pythagoras Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/fairly-tales-and-pythagoras-short-answers/) - [Fairy Tales and Pythagoras Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/fairly-tales-and-pythagoras-feedback/) - [Alice and Algebra Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/alice-and-algebra-feedback/) - [Alice and Algebra Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/alice-and-algebra-short-answers/) - [Pi, Piem and Piphilology Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/pi-piem-and-piphilology-feedback/) - [Pi, Piem and Piphilology Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/pi-piem-and-piphilology-short-feedback/) - [The Number Devil Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-number-devil-feedback/) - [The Number Devil Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-number-devil-short-feedback/) - [Flatland Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/flatland-feedback/) - [Flatland Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/flatland-short-feedback/) - [The Unabomber Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-unabomber-feedback/) - [The Unabomber Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/the-unabomber-short-answers/) - [Girolamo Cardano Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/girolamo-cardano-feedback/) - [Girolamo Cardano Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/girolamo-cardano-short-feedback/) - [Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/ptolemys-geocentric-model-feeback/) - [Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/ptolemys-geocentric-model-short-feedback/) - [Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/aryabhatiya-of-aryabhata-feedback/) - [Margaret Murray Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/margaret-murray-short-answers/) - [Margaret Murray Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/margaret-murray-feedback/) - [Lady Literate in Mathematics Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/lady-literate-in-mathematics-feedback/) - [Lady Literate Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/lady-literate-short-answers/) - [Florence Nightingale and the Polar Area Diagram Short Answers Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/florence-nightingale-short-answers/) - [Florence Nightingale and the Polar Area Diagram Emoji Feedback](https://maths-from-the-past.org/qsm_quiz/florence-nightingale-and-the-polar-area-diagram-feedback/) ## Categories - [Uncategorised](https://maths-from-the-past.org/category/uncategorised/) ## Tags - [fishery science](https://maths-from-the-past.org/tag/fishery-science/) - [mathematics](https://maths-from-the-past.org/tag/mathematics/) - [Indonesia](https://maths-from-the-past.org/tag/indonesia/) - [Indigenous science](https://maths-from-the-past.org/tag/indigenous-science/) ## Video Categories - [Maths and Literature](https://maths-from-the-past.org/video-category/maths-and-literature/) - [Cultural Maths](https://maths-from-the-past.org/video-category/cultural-maths/)